Palm Pipe Lab

In class we had two labs about sound and waves learning that Music is Math.  For this class we used a tuning fork to describe the waves in music.  We first hit the tuning fork against the bottom of our shoe and listen to the sound while seeing the fork vibrate.  From the sound and vibrations we clearly described it was sound waves.  Because we knew it was a tuning fork we then said that it is related to music and that the sound waves produced by the tuning fork were called harmonics.   Harmonics are standing waves that occur only at certain frequencies.  Within the first harmonic, it has one large hump starting from the beginning and ends at the end.  At the start of a harmonic there is no air movement because all the air molecules are tight and together.  In the middle of the harmonic however, there is high air movement because then the air molecules are spread out and free to roam.  The air molecules then are tight together toward the end of each harmonic as well.  From this we were able to determine that sound is a longitudinal wave.

Velocity of a wave in a medium is constant.  That is how we know that standing waves only occur at certain frequencies.  When standing waves have mathematically proportional harmonics we have music.  In an other lab we had to find the frequency of four palm pipes.  This is the math dealing with finding the fourth palm pipe's frequency:

• Length: 17.5cm= .175m
• Diameter: .016m   

.175= 1/4(x) - 1/4(.016)

Wavelength: .716

We then used the wave equation to figure out the frequency of the palm pipe.  We know that the speed of the sound wave is constant so the velocity is 343m/s

V= f(w)

343=f(.716)

Frequency is 479.05 Hz (B flat)

Light and Optics

We learned about light and optics this week and understand that light also bends.  The key idea is that light follows the path of least time.  The path of least time is traveling from one medium to another and the path is bent.  This bent path is known as refraction.  When light passes through a medium and changes its path it undergoes refraction.  For every object that light projects at there is a reflection ray that follows as well. To measure the refraction of light we use Snells Law: n1(sin1)=n2(sin2).  N1 stands for the initial material from index of refraction.  Sin1 stands for the measured angle from the initial ray.  N2 stands for the index of refraction for the 2nd material.  Finally sin2 stands for the measure of angle from the refracted ray. 

Magnetism

First what I learned was that magnets and metals have charges or electrons.  The big idea is that Moving Charges Create Magnetic Fields.  The earth also has this kind of reaction within it.  Withing the outer and inner core of the earth there is a lot of metals.  All of these metals are being melted by the outer core and when heated move faster.  Due to the movement of the charges it creates magnetic fields.  This magnetic field starts at the south side of the earth and comes up to the north side of the earth.  The way to determine which way the current went was with the right hand rule.  By placing your thumb in the direction of the current with your fingers out.  Then you have to curl your fingers above the wire as well as below the wire.  If your fingers are pointed away from you and your palm is facing the page then current is traveling away from you.  If your fingers are pointed towards you and your palm does not face the page then the current is coming toward you.

Electricity

Lemon Lab:
In this unit we learned about electricity which had to deal with voltage and charge.  Voltage is to electricity as  height is to gravitational potential energy.  Electric potential is voltage and electric potential energy is the charge times the voltage.  What we learned is that the higher the voltage, the higher the charge equals a greater electric potential energy.  In our lab we made a lemon battery that charged an led light.  Basically we used the lemon as a battery to produce the voltage and copper pennies inside of the lemon.  We then transferred the charge through alligator wires onto the pennies to the side of the led light.  The led light converted the electric potential energy and lit up with light.

Class Connection:
For our IPads it uses an internal rechargeable lithium-ion polymer battery.  The voltage varies from about 2.7V to about 4.23V (when fully charged.) The battery is claimed to provide 10 hours of video and 140 hours of audio playback.  As a lot of people know the ipad cannot be charged with an iphone charger even though they look a lot similar.  This is because it requires 2 amps using the included 10W USB power adapter and a USB cord with a USB connector at one end and a 30 pin dock collector at the other.  That means that the iphone charger is too weak to charge the ipad battery because of its low voltage.